【解決方案】分布式光伏電站的運維管理

 

未曉(xiao)妃

安科瑞電(dian)氣股份有限公(gong)司 上海嘉定 201801

0背景(jing)

受(shou)國家激(ji)勵政策調控和(he)光(guang)伏(fu)產(chan)業(ye)鏈成(cheng)本持續下(xia)降影響(xiang)，全國光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)呈(cheng)現出井噴爆發式發展，如何做好光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站前期并(bing)網的服務工作和(he)后期運(yun)行過程中的維(wei)護(hu)管理工作，是(shi)國家電(dian)網公司(si)保證“陽(yang)光(guang)扶(fu)貧”政策有效落地的工作，更是(shi)保障(zhang)光(guang)伏(fu)用(yong)戶補貼收益和(he)光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站長(chang)期安全穩定運(yun)行的關(guan)鍵(jian)所在。

1分布式光伏電站的現狀

近年(nian)來，分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站得(de)到(dao)國家(jia)的(de)大力支持。為助力打贏(ying)脫貧(pin)攻堅戰(zhan)，國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網公司實施“陽(yang)光(guang)扶貧(pin)行(xing)動”，更(geng)加助推(tui)了分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站的(de)普及與推(tui)廣(guang)。根據中(zhong)國光(guang)伏行(xing)業協會數據顯示，2018年(nian)我國光(guang)伏新增(zeng)裝機容(rong)量超過43GW，其(qi)中(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏約(yue)20GW，占比接近50%。據統計(ji)，安徽東至縣供電(dian)(dian)公司2018年(nian)組織并網分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站108戶，累計(ji)并網容(rong)量達6380kW，分(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站正處(chu)于發展高(gao)峰期。

2分布式光伏電站存在問題

隨(sui)著(zhu)分布式光伏電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)井噴式增長，其所存在的(de)(de)問題(ti)也(ye)日益凸(tu)顯，結合分布式光伏電(dian)站(zhan)推廣與運維過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)實際情況，其問題(ti)主(zhu)要體現以下兩(liang)個方面。

（1）前端服務(wu)不到(dao)(dao)位(wei)。對于多數農(nong)村家庭來講(jiang)，分(fen)布式光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)依然屬于新興事物，部分(fen)農(nong)民根本(ben)不知道(dao)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)扶貧是做什么的(de)(de)，不了(le)解光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)扶貧的(de)(de)相(xiang)關政(zheng)策。因此，在光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)前期推廣過程(cheng)中(zhong)，從光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)政(zheng)策和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)價、補(bu)貼，到(dao)(dao)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)選址與(yu)建(jian)設(she)，都需要(yao)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)及有關部門提(ti)供(gong)更加積極主(zhu)動和(he)(he)專業(ye)的(de)(de)服務(wu)，保障光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)順利建(jian)設(she)并(bing)網和(he)(he)補(bu)貼效益及時到(dao)(dao)位(wei)。

（2）后期(qi)(qi)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)不(bu)完(wan)善。分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)一般(ban)規模較小、分(fen)(fen)布(bu)廣、數(shu)量(liang)多(duo)，而且光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)之間又(you)相對獨(du)立，不(bu)利(li)于光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)中式(shi)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。其中村(cun)級(ji)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)作(zuo)為扶貧的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)模式(shi)，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在各個村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是(shi)由(you)村(cun)集(ji)體(ti)自己(ji)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)還是(shi)由(you)建設(she)(she)它的(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)負責維(wei)(wei)護(hu)一直以(yi)來沒有定論。從(cong)某種意義上說，光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)扶貧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)后期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)維(wei)(wei)護(hu)比(bi)建設(she)(she)更為重(zhong)要(yao)。部分(fen)(fen)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)因(yin)(yin)為建成投(tou)入使用(yong)后處于缺乏(fa)專業(ye)人員監管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態，越來越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)面(mian)臨運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)難(nan)題(ti)，如設(she)(she)計(ji)缺陷、設(she)(she)備質量(liang)缺陷、施工不(bu)規范(fan)等問題(ti)都給光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)帶來嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)，導(dao)致發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)大幅下(xia)降(jiang)，影(ying)響光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效益。因(yin)(yin)此，要(yao)做好光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，特別要(yao)重(zhong)視維(wei)(wei)護(hu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，以(yi)推進光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)更好發(fa)展。

3提升好的服務

（1）靠(kao)前服(fu)務，做好宣(xuan)傳。積極主動向(xiang)客(ke)戶(hu)宣(xuan)傳光(guang)伏政策(ce)，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業安(an)排(pai)相關人員定期進行(xing)走村(cun)(cun)訪戶(hu)，及時(shi)掌握客(ke)戶(hu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)傾向(xiang)和需求。供電(dian)(dian)(dian)營業廳擺放光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)宣(xuan)傳冊，保證客(ke)戶(hu)及時(shi)了(le)解光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)政策(ce)。通(tong)過各項宣(xuan)傳活動以消(xiao)除(chu)廣大用戶(hu)對(dui)分布式光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)政策(ce)的顧(gu)慮(lv)(lv)，也可以消(xiao)除(chu)用戶(hu)對(dui)光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站安(an)裝在自家屋(wu)頂或者(zhe)村(cun)(cun)里空(kong)地上的安(an)全(quan)疑(yi)慮(lv)(lv)，還(huan)可以讓廣大貧困戶(hu)了(le)解光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的相關知識(shi)，幫助他們安(an)全(quan)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

（2）加(jia)強內外部(bu)溝(gou)通聯(lian)系。供電(dian)企業(ye)加(jia)強與項目(mu)建設(she)方(fang)、施工單位聯(lian)系，根(gen)據年度(du)光伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)建設(she)規劃，結合供電(dian)公(gong)司(si)線路設(she)備狀況(kuang)，在(zai)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)選址時(shi)(shi)，提出合理化建議，要求項目(mu)單位盡量在(zai)建議臺區(qu)范圍(wei)內選址，對因受林業(ye)、國土等條件限制，需在(zai)建議臺區(qu)范圍(wei)外選址的(de)，供電(dian)企業(ye)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)調(diao)整計劃，提前做好(hao)配(pei)套電(dian)網的(de)建設(she)和改造，同時(shi)(shi)供電(dian)區(qu)域(yu)內客(ke)戶經理全程跟蹤、協(xie)調(diao)光伏(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)項目(mu)并網，縮短光伏(fu)項目(mu)從策劃到獲(huo)得收益的(de)周期，節約時(shi)(shi)間和成本。

（3）快(kuai)捷*效、讓(rang)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)及時受益(yi)。供電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業在與(yu)村集體(ti)溝通協(xie)調安裝光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設施的(de)過(guo)程中，同(tong)步就發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)結算周(zhou)期(qi)達(da)(da)成一(yi)致，告知(zhi)結算電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)審(shen)核確(que)認流程，讓(rang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)知(zhi)根知(zhi)底。與(yu)當地稅務部門及銀行達(da)(da)成協(xie)議(yi)與(yu)共識，以加快(kuai)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費結算流程，確(que)保發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)在結算周(zhou)期(qi)內(nei)*一(yi)時間獲(huo)得(de)收(shou)益(yi)。

4強化運維管理

（1）規范光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)用戶(hu)檔(dang)(dang)案管理。當前分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)主要為家庭式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)和村級光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，位置相(xiang)對分(fen)散，為有效對所有并網分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)運維(wei)管理，供(gong)電(dian)企業應(ying)持(chi)續建立和完善(shan)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)用戶(hu)檔(dang)(dang)案。針對家庭式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，由各供(gong)電(dian)區域內建檔(dang)(dang)保存，相(xiang)關客戶(hu)經理定期跟蹤更新。針對于村級光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，完整的(de)檔(dang)(dang)案資(zi)料是(shi)做好服(fu)務工作的(de)前提和基礎，因此(ci)須(xu)做好光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)項(xiang)目備案、資(zi)格(ge)審查、四方確認表等基礎資(zi)料完善(shan)，由縣級供(gong)電(dian)企業相(xiang)關部門妥善(shan)留(liu)檔(dang)(dang)保存。

（2）跟(gen)蹤落(luo)實光(guang)伏(fu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)效益。針(zhen)對享受(shou)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)村級光(guang)伏(fu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)電站(zhan)，在做好前期并(bing)網(wang)服(fu)務(wu)工作(zuo)的(de)基礎之上，要(yao)強化后期光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電效益和政(zheng)策(ce)補貼落(luo)實。以(yi)安徽省(sheng)東(dong)至(zhi)縣為例(li)，目前全(quan)縣范圍內共建成并(bing)網(wang)村級光(guang)伏(fu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)電站(zhan)10個，其(qi)中7個為扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)項目，3個因政(zheng)策(ce)變化，未能及(ji)時納入扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)項目，無(wu)法享受(shou)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)電價。供電企(qi)業及(ji)時走(zou)訪(fang)客戶并(bing)發(fa)(fa)(fa)放(fang)告知單，并(bing)積極與(yu)縣扶(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)辦、發(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)委等相關部門進行溝通協(xie)作(zuo)，匯報并(bing)配(pei)合解決有關問(wen)題，以(yi)期盡早落(luo)實貧(pin)(pin)困補貼。同(tong)時，供電企(qi)業通過營銷(xiao)業務(wu)系統(tong)、用電采集(ji)系統(tong)等實時監測手(shou)段，對光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電情況(kuang)(kuang)進行監測分析，及(ji)時通知并(bing)幫扶(fu)(fu)(fu)光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)處理(li)異常狀況(kuang)(kuang)，保證光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電效率。

（3）優化(hua)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后期(qi)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)。由(you)于分(fen)布(bu)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)零散(san)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，目前光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后期(qi)運(yun)(yun)行維(wei)護工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)主要(yao)(yao)是村集體(ti)(ti)自行組建的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護隊伍對光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進行日常(chang)維(wei)護，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業專(zhuan)業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)定(ding)期(qi)開展技(ji)(ji)術幫扶和(he)(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏知識宣貫(guan)。這種(zhong)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)弊端在(zai)(zai)(zai)于村級維(wei)護隊伍缺(que)乏(fa)專(zhuan)業技(ji)(ji)術培訓(xun)，只能解決簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行異常(chang)，針對較為(wei)復雜的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題無法及時有效地處(chu)理(li)(li)。因此，有必要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)此運(yun)(yun)維(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)基(ji)礎之上(shang)，利用(yong)微信平(ping)臺(tai)定(ding)期(qi)發(fa)(fa)布(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)知識，增強貧困戶運(yun)(yun)維(wei)意識。設(she)立村級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)微信工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)群，方(fang)便電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)故障時及時交流。包括(kuo)(kuo)相(xiang)關扶貧管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人員(yuan)、村干(gan)部、國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)技(ji)(ji)術員(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)員(yuan)、運(yun)(yun)維(wei)技(ji)(ji)術人員(yuan)，形成政府、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業、建設(she)企業和(he)(he)(he)村集體(ti)(ti)于一體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)交流平(ping)臺(tai)，實施有效的(de)(de)(de)進行光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。同時，制定(ding)合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)分(fen)工(gong)和(he)(he)(he)科學的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制度(du)(du)(du)，如生(sheng)產運(yun)(yun)行制度(du)(du)(du)、安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)制度(du)(du)(du)、應(ying)急消(xiao)防制度(du)(du)(du)、設(she)備(bei)運(yun)(yun)行規程等(deng)，其中生(sheng)產運(yun)(yun)行制度(du)(du)(du)所規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)日常(chang)巡檢工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)、定(ding)期(qi)巡檢和(he)(he)(he)特(te)殊情況下(xia)巡檢是需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)，及時掌握電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行狀態，發(fa)(fa)現已(yi)經存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)或潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題，確保光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)正常(chang)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。安全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)貫(guan)穿運(yun)(yun)維(wei)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程，包括(kuo)(kuo)合理(li)(li)使用(yong)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)器具和(he)(he)(he)熟悉安全(quan)(quan)(quan)操作(zuo)(zuo)規范等(deng)，以保障人身安全(quan)(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)(he)設(she)備(bei)安全(quan)(quan)(quan)。

5安(an)科瑞(rui)分布式光(guang)伏發電監測系統解決方案

5.1概述

“十四(si)五(wu)”期(qi)間(jian)，隨著(zhu)“雙(shuang)(shuang)碳”目標(biao)提出及逐步落實，本就(jiu)呈現出較好發(fa)展(zhan)勢頭(tou)的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)展(zhan)有望大幅提速(su)。就(jiu)“十四(si)五(wu)”光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)展(zhan)規(gui)劃，國(guo)家發(fa)改委能源(yuan)研究所可再生能源(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)心副主任陶冶表(biao)示，“雙(shuang)(shuang)碳”目標(biao)意味著(zhu)國(guo)家產業結構的調整，未來10年(nian)，新(xin)能源(yuan)裝機(ji)將保持在110GW以上(shang)的年(nian)增速(su)，這里面包含集中(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站和(he)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)站。相較于(yu)集中(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)電(dian)站來說，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)對土地等自然資源(yuan)沒(mei)有依賴，各個地方(fang)的屋頂就(jiu)是分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)電(dian)站的形(xing)成基(ji)礎，在碳中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)方(fang)案的可選項中(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)由于(yu)其靈活性必將被大力發(fa)展(zhan)，目前已有河北、甘肅、安(an)徽、浙江(jiang)、陜西(xi)等9省發(fa)布(bu)(bu)關于(yu)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)式(shi)光伏(fu)(fu)(fu)整縣推進工作(zuo)的通知。

目前我國的(de)兩(liang)種分布式(shi)應用(yong)場景分別(bie)是：廣大農村屋頂的(de)戶用(yong)光(guang)伏(fu)和工商業(ye)企業(ye)屋頂光(guang)伏(fu)，這(zhe)兩(liang)類分布式(shi)光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)今年(nian)都發展迅速。

5.2相(xiang)關標準

根據(ju)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)Q/GDW1480-2015《分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)技術規定》：分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)根據(ju)各(ge)并(bing)網(wang)點裝(zhuang)機容量進行初步(bu)選擇，如下：8kW及以下可(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)入220V；8kW~400kW可(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)入380V；400kW~6000kW可(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)入10kV；5000kW~30000kW以上可(ke)(ke)接(jie)(jie)入35kV。*終并(bing)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)(ji)應(ying)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)條(tiao)件，通過技術經(jing)濟(ji)比選論證確定。若高(gao)低兩級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)均具備接(jie)(jie)入條(tiao)件，優(you)先采用低電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)(ji)接(jie)(jie)入。

Q/GDW1480-2015《分布式電源接入電網技術規定》

GB/T29319-2012《光伏發電系(xi)統接入配電網(wang)技術規(gui)定》

GB50797-2012《光伏發電站(zhan)設(she)計規范》

Q/GDW1617-2015《光伏電(dian)站接入電(dian)網技術規定》

JGJ203-2010《民(min)用建筑太(tai)陽能光伏系統應(ying)用技術規范》

5.3解決方(fang)案

（1）交(jiao)流220V并網(wang)

交流220V并(bing)網的光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)系統多(duo)用于居民(min)屋頂光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)，裝機功率(lv)在8kW左右。戶(hu)(hu)用光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站今年(nian)(nian)發展非常(chang)迅猛，根據國家能源局網站提供(gong)的數據，截(jie)至2021年(nian)(nian)6月底(di)，全國累計(ji)納入2021年(nian)(nian)國家財政補貼(tie)規(gui)模戶(hu)(hu)用光(guang)伏(fu)項目(mu)裝機容(rong)量為(wei)586.14萬千瓦，這相(xiang)當于6個月在居民(min)屋頂建(jian)造(zao)了(le)四分(fen)之(zhi)一個三峽水電(dian)站。

部分(fen)(fen)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為自發自用，余電(dian)(dian)不(bu)上(shang)網模式，這種類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)需要安裝防逆流保(bao)護(hu)裝置，避免往(wang)電(dian)(dian)網輸送電(dian)(dian)能。光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)規模較小(xiao)，而且比(bi)較分(fen)(fen)散，對于光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的管(guan)理者來說，通過云平臺來管(guan)理此類(lei)(lei)光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)非常(chang)有必要，安科(ke)瑞在這類(lei)(lei)光伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)提供的解決方(fang)案包括以(yi)下方(fang)面：

（2）交流380V并網

根據國家電(dian)網(wang)Q/GDW1480-2015《分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)網(wang)技術規定》，8kW~400kW可(ke)380V并網(wang)，這類(lei)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)光伏(fu)多為工商業(ye)企業(ye)屋(wu)頂光伏(fu)，自發(fa)自用(yong)，余電(dian)上網(wang)。分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)光伏(fu)接(jie)入(ru)配電(dian)網(wang)前，應(ying)明確計(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)，計(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)設置(zhi)除應(ying)考慮產(chan)權分(fen)(fen)界點(dian)(dian)外(wai)，還(huan)應(ying)考慮分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)出口(kou)與用(yong)戶自用(yong)電(dian)線路處。每個(ge)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)點(dian)(dian)均應(ying)裝(zhuang)設雙向電(dian)能計(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其設備(bei)配置(zhi)和(he)技術要(yao)(yao)求符(fu)合DL/T448的相(xiang)關(guan)規定，以及相(xiang)關(guan)標準、規程(cheng)要(yao)(yao)求。電(dian)能表采用(yong)智能電(dian)能表，技術性(xing)能應(ying)滿足國家電(dian)網(wang)公司(si)關(guan)于(yu)智能電(dian)能表的相(xiang)關(guan)標準。用(yong)于(yu)結算(suan)和(he)考核的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，應(ying)安裝(zhuang)采集設備(bei)，接(jie)入(ru)用(yong)電(dian)信(xin)(xin)息采集系統(tong)，實現(xian)用(yong)電(dian)信(xin)(xin)息的遠程(cheng)自動采集。

光伏(fu)陣列接(jie)入組串式光伏(fu)逆變器，或者通過匯(hui)流箱接(jie)入逆變器，然后(hou)接(jie)入企(qi)業380V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，實現自發(fa)自用(yong)，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)。在380V并網(wang)點前需(xu)要安(an)裝計量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表用(yong)于(yu)計量(liang)光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，同(tong)時在企(qi)業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)連接(jie)處(chu)也需(xu)要安(an)裝雙向(xiang)計量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表，用(yong)于(yu)計量(liang)企(qi)業上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，數據均應上(shang)(shang)(shang)傳供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部門用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信息采集系統，用(yong)于(yu)光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)補貼和(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)結算。

部分光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)并(bing)網(wang)點需要(yao)監(jian)測并(bing)網(wang)點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量(liang)(liang)，包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻(pin)率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的大小、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)平衡(heng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)驟升/驟降/中斷、快(kuai)速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變化、諧(xie)波(bo)/間(jian)諧(xie)波(bo)THD、閃(shan)變等，需要(yao)安裝單獨的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量(liang)(liang)監(jian)測裝置。部分光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)為自發(fa)自用，余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)上網(wang)模式(shi)，這(zhe)種類型的光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)需要(yao)安裝防逆(ni)流保護裝置，避(bi)免往電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。

這種并網模式單體光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站規模適中，可通過云平臺采(cai)用光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)數(shu)據(ju)和儲能系統運行數(shu)據(ju)，安科瑞在這類光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站提供(gong)的解決方案包括以下方面：

（3）10kV或35kV并網

根據《國(guo)家能源局(ju)關于(yu)(yu)2019年風電(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目建設有(you)關事項通知》（國(guo)發(fa)(fa)新(xin)能〔2019〕49號），對于(yu)(yu)需(xu)要國(guo)家補貼的新(xin)建工商業(ye)分布式光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項目，需(xu)要滿足(zu)單點(dian)并網裝機容(rong)量小于(yu)(yu)6兆瓦且(qie)為(wei)非戶用的要求(qiu)(qiu)，支(zhi)持在符合(he)電(dian)網運行安全技術要求(qiu)(qiu)的前提下，通過內部多點(dian)接(jie)入(ru)配(pei)電(dian)系(xi)統。

此類分布式光(guang)伏(fu)裝機容量一般(ban)比較大(da)，需要(yao)通過升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)升(sheng)(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)后接入電(dian)網。由于(yu)裝機容量較大(da)，可能(neng)對公(gong)共電(dian)網造成比較大(da)的(de)干擾，因此供(gong)電(dian)部門(men)對于(yu)此規(gui)模的(de)分布式光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)站穩控系統、電(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量以及和(he)調度的(de)通信要(yao)求都(dou)比較高。

光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站并網點(dian)需要(yao)監測并網點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量(liang)，包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)大小、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不平衡、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)驟升/驟降/中斷、快速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)化、諧(xie)波(bo)/間諧(xie)波(bo)THD、閃變(bian)等，需要(yao)安裝單獨的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能質量(liang)監測裝置。

上圖(tu)為一個1MW分布式光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)的示意(yi)圖(tu)，光(guang)伏(fu)陣列接入光(guang)伏(fu)匯流(liu)箱，經(jing)過(guo)直流(liu)柜匯流(liu)后接入集中式逆變(bian)器(直流(liu)柜根據(ju)情況可不設置)，*后經(jing)過(guo)升壓變(bian)壓器升壓至(zhi)10kV或35kV后并入中壓電網。由(you)于光(guang)伏(fu)電站(zhan)裝機容(rong)量比(bi)較(jiao)大，涉及到的保(bao)護和測控設備(bei)比(bi)較(jiao)多，主(zhu)要如下表